Social behavior is naturally occurring in vertebrate species, which holds a strong
evolutionary component and is crucial for the normal development and survival of …

Gut bacteria influence brain functions and metabolism. We investigated whether this
influence can be mediated by direct sensing of bacterial cell wall components by brain …

Motivated behaviors have fascinated neuroscientists and ethologists for decades due to
their necessity for organism survival. Motivations guide behavioral choice through an …

Infections induce a set of pleiotropic responses in animals, including anorexia, adipsia,
lethargy and changes in temperature, collectively termed sickness behaviours. Although …

The anorexigenic peptide glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is secreted from gut
enteroendocrine cells and brain preproglucagon (PPG) neurons, which, respectively, define …

Caloric restriction (CR) extends lifespan in mammals, yet the mechanisms underlying its
beneficial effects remain unknown. The manner in which CR has been implemented in …

Feeding behaviors depend on intrinsic and extrinsic factors including genetics, food
palatability, and the environment. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 The gut microbiota is a major environmental …

A fundamental question of physiology is how gut-brain signaling stimulates appetite. While
many studies have emphasized the importance of vagal afferents to the brain in inducing …

Maintaining healthy body weight is increasingly difficult in our obesogenic environment.
Dieting efforts are often overpowered by the internal drive to consume energy-dense foods …

Recent data demonstrate that noradrenergic neurons of the locus coeruleus (LC-NE) are
required for fear-induced suppression of feeding, but the role of endogenous LC-NE activity …