This document presents a consensus on the diagnosis and classification of isolated cervical
dystonia (iCD) with a review of proposed terminology. The International Parkinson and …

Dystonia is typically considered a movement disorder characterized by motor
manifestations, primarily involuntary muscle contractions causing twisting movements and …

Forty years ago, CD Marsden proposed that blepharospasm should be considered a form of
adult‐onset focal dystonia. In the present paper, we provide a comprehensive overview of …

Nonmotor symptoms are increasingly recognized as important determinants of quality of life
and disability in a wide range of movement disorders. There is a limited body of research …

Background Sleep disturbances are highly prevalent in movement disorders, potentially due
to the malfunctioning of basal ganglia structures. Pallidal deep brain stimulation (DBS) has …

Background The nature and frequency of nonmotor symptoms in primary adult‐onset
cervical dystonia (CD) and blepharospasm (BSP) patients in Chinese populations remain …

Cervical dystonia is a form of adult-onset, focal dystonia characterized by involuntary
contractions of the neck muscles, leading to a disabling, abnormal head posture. CD has a …

Blepharospasm (BSP) is a rather distressing form of focal dystonia. Although many aspects
of its pathophysiological mechanisms are already known, we lack fundamental evidence on …

Patients with primary dystonia, the third most prevalent movement disorder, suffer from a
markedly reduced quality of life. This might, at least in part, be mediated by non-motor …

Patients with movement disorders have a high prevalence of sleep disturbances that can be
classified as (1) nocturnal sleep symptoms, such as insomnia, nocturia, restless legs …