This review summarizes the brain mechanisms controlling sleep and wakefulness.
Wakefulness promoting systems cause low-voltage, fast activity in the …

Sixty-five years after the discovery of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, the reasons why we
sleep and why we need two states of sleep are still largely unclear. Moreover, the functional …

Mammalian sleep consists of distinct rapid eye movement (REM) and non-REM (NREM)
states. The midbrain region ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG) is known to be …

GABA, glutamate, and glycine release in the locus coeruleus were measured as a function
of sleep/wake state in the freely-behaving cat using the microdialysis technique. GABA …

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep was first identified by its most obvious behavior: rapid
eye movements during sleep. In most adult mammals, the electroencephalogram (EEG) of …

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is a distinct, homeostatically controlled brain state
characterized by an activated electroencephalogram (EEG) in combination with paralysis of …

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial disease, and it has become a serious health
problem in the world. Senile plaques (SPs) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) are two main …

Several pieces of evidence suggest that sleep deprivation causes marked alterations in
neurotransmitter receptor function in diverse neuronal cell types. To date, this has been …

Abstract This review article:(1) describes the circadian distribution of ictal and interictal
events;(2) differentiates transitional arousal, non-rapid eye movement and rapid eye …

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep deprivation has previously been shown to interfere with
normal learning and memory and to inhibit long-term potentiation (LTP) in vitro. Previous …