The negative impacts of pesticides, in particular insecticides, on bees and other pollinators
have never been disputed. Insecticides can directly kill these vital insects, whereas …

In the past centuries, viruses have benefited from globalization to spread across the globe,
infecting new host species and populations. A growing number of viruses have been …

Deformed wing virus (DWV) and its vector, the mite Varroa destructor, are a major threat to
the world's honeybees. Although the impact of Varroa on colony-level DWV epidemiology is …

Declines of pollinators and high mortality rates of honey bee colonies are a major concern,
both in the USA and globally. Long-term data on summer, winter, and annual colony losses …

Deformed wing virus (DWV) has become the most well-known, widespread, and intensively
studied insect pathogen in the world. Although DWV was previously present in honeybee …

The western honey bee (Apis mellifera) is of major economic and ecological importance,
with elevated rates of colony losses in temperate regions over the last two decades thought …

The health of the honeybee and, indirectly, global crop production are threatened by several
biotic and abiotic factors, which play a poorly defined role in the induction of widespread …

Recent losses in honey bee colonies are unusual in their severity, geographical distribution,
and, in some cases, failure to present recognized characteristics of known disease …

The globally distributed ectoparasite Varroa destructor is a vector for viral pathogens of the
Western honeybee (Apis mellifera), in particular the Iflavirus Deformed Wing Virus (DWV). In …

Afforestation and forest management are considered to be key instruments in mitigating
climate change. Here we show that since 1750, in spite of considerable afforestation, wood …