The carotid body (CB) is the main peripheral chemoreceptor for arterial respiratory gases O2
and CO2 and pH, eliciting reflex ventilatory, cardiovascular, and humoral responses to …

The discovery of the sensory nature of the carotid body dates back to the beginning of the
20th century. Following these seminal discoveries, research into carotid body mechanisms …

The respiratory response to hypoxia in mammals develops from an inhibition of breathing
movements in utero into a sustained increase in ventilation in the adult. This ventilatory …

Molecular oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) are the primary gaseous substrate and
product of oxidative phosphorylation in respiring organisms, respectively. Variance in the …

The hypoxic ventilatory response is arguably the single most important physiological
response accompanying the exposure of fish to lowered ambient P o 2. Increases in …

Arterial chemoreceptors play a vital role in cardiorespiratory control by providing the brain
with information regarding blood oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH. The main chemoreceptor …

The carotid body (CB) is a neural crest-derived organ whose major function is to sense
changes in arterial oxygen tension to elicit hyperventilation in hypoxia. The CB is composed …

Epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract are an important barrier between the “milieu
interne” and the luminal content of the gut. They perform transport of nutrients, salts, and …

Key points• Arterial chemoreceptors measure blood oxygen and are involved in the control
of both breathing and the cardiovascular system.• Oxygen is mostly used by cells in their …

Adjustments of ventilation in fishes to regulate the volume of water flowing over the gills are
critically important responses to match branchial gas transfer with metabolic needs and to …