The CD40 receptor and its ligand CD40L is one of the most critical molecular pairs of the
stimulatory immune checkpoints. Both CD40 and CD40L have a membrane form and a …

CD40 is a TNF receptor superfamily member expressed on both immune and non-immune
cells. Interactions between B cell-expressed CD40 and its binding partner, CD40L …

Systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjögren's syndrome, and dermatomyositis are systemic
autoimmune diseases that develop after environmental triggering of genetically susceptible …

Objective. In the sanroque mouse model of lupus, pathologic germinal centers (GCs) arise
due to increased numbers of follicular helper T (Tfh) cells, resulting in high-affinity anti …

Objective To assess circulating follicular helper T (Tfh)–like CD4+ T cells in patients with
systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and determine their relationship to disease activity …

B cells are essential for humoral immunity, but the role that they have in regulating CD4+ T
cell responses remains controversial. However, new data showing that the transient …

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE, lupus) is characterized by a global loss of self-
tolerance with activation of autoreactive T and B cells leading to production of pathogenic …

The complement system of innate immunity is important in regulating humoral immunity
largely through the complement receptor CR2, which forms a coreceptor on B cells during …

Follicular helper T (TFH) cells are essential for B-cell maturation and immunoglobulin
production after immunization with thymus-dependent antigens. Nevertheless, the …

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disorder, characterized by
production of autoantibodies directed against nuclear and cytoplasmic antigens, which may …