Current seasonal influenza vaccines, which mainly target hemagglutinin (HA), require
annual updates due to the continuous antigenic drift of the influenza virus. Developing an …

Influenza A viruses remain a global threat to human health, with continued pandemic
potential. In this Review, we discuss our current understanding of the optimal immune …

Continuously evolving influenza viruses cause seasonal epidemics and pose global
pandemic threats. Although viral neuraminidase (NA) is an effective drug and vaccine target …

Current influenza A and B virus (IABV) vaccines provide suboptimal protection and efforts
are underway to develop a universal IABV vaccine. Blood neutralizing antibodies are the …

The influenza neuraminidase has historically been understudied compared to its surface
protein counterpart, hemagglutinin. In two recent Immunity papers, Hansen et al. and Lei et …

Influenza virus hemagglutinin mediates infection by binding sialic acids, whereas
neuraminidase cleaves sialic acids to release progeny virions. Both are targets of protective …

Recombinant influenza virus neuraminidase (NA) is a promising broadly protective influenza
vaccine candidate. However, the recombinant protein alone is not sufficient to induce …

Viruses utilize host cells at all stages of their life cycle, from the transcription of genes and
translation of viral proteins to the release of viral copies. The human immune system …

Antibodies targeting hemagglutinin and neuraminidase (NA) are key components of the
adaptive immune response against influenza A virus (IAV). However, antigenic drift allows …