RNA silencing is a central regulator of gene expression in most eukaryotes and acts both at
the transcriptional level through DNA methylation and at the post-transcriptional level …

Nicotiana benthamiana is the most widely used experimental host in plant virology, due
mainly to the large number of diverse plant viruses that can successfully infect it …

Crop breeding for resistance to pathogens largely relies on genes encoding receptors that
confer race-specific immunity. Here, we report the identification of the wheat Pm4 race …

The plant cell wall is an important factor for determining cell shape, function and response to
the environment. Secondary cell walls, such as those found in xylem, are composed of …

Chloroplasts communicate information by signalling to nuclei during acclimation to
fluctuating light. Several potential operating signals originating from chloroplasts have been …

Red fruits are popular and widely accepted by consumers because of an enhanced
appearance and enriched anthocyanins. The molecular mechanism of anthocyanin …

The plant hormones strigolactones and smoke-derived karrikins are butenolide signals that
control distinct aspects of plant development. Perception of both molecules in Arabidopsis …

Targeted genome engineering has emerged as an alternative to classical plant breeding
and transgenic methods to improve crop plants. Among other methods (zinc finger …

Surface polysaccharides are important for bacterial interactions with multicellular organisms,
and some are virulence factors in pathogens. In the legume–rhizobium symbiosis, bacterial …

Apple (Malus× domestica) trees are vulnerable to freezing temperatures. However, there
has been only limited success in developing cold‐hardy cultivars. This lack of progress is …