The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) plays an important role in pain modulation, and pain-
related emotional disorders. In the ACC, two major forms of long-term potentiation (LTP) …

Adenylyl cyclases (ACs) catalyze the conversion of ATP to the ubiquitous second
messenger cAMP. Mammals possess nine isoforms of transmembrane ACs, dubbed AC1–9 …

Oxytocin is a well-known neurohypophysial hormone that plays an important role in
behavioral anxiety and nociception. Two major forms of long-term potentiation, presynaptic …

The spinal N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), particularly their subtypes NR2A and
NR2B, plays pivotal roles in neuropathic and inflammatory pain. However, the roles of NR2A …

Chronic pain is a major health problem and the effective treatment for chronic pain is still
lacking. The recent crisis created by the overuse of opioids for pain treatment has clearly …

Depression is a kind of common mental disorder associated with neuroinflammation, and
astrocytes play a vital role in regulating and mediating neuroinflammation in central nervous …

Migraines are a common medical condition. From a basic science point of view, the central
mechanism for migraine and headache is largely unknown. In the present study, we …

Cortical long-term potentiation (LTP) serves as a cellular model for chronic pain. As an
important subtype of adenylyl cyclases (ACs), adenylyl cyclase subtype 1 (AC1) is critical for …

Calcium-dependent, neuronal adenylyl cyclase subtype 1 (AC1) is critical for cortical
potentiation and chronic pain. NB001 is a first-in-class drug acting as a selective inhibitor …

Studies of consciousness are hindered by the complexity of the brain, but it is possible to
study the consciousness of a sensation, namely pain. Three systems are necessary to …