The mammalian mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) includes complexes I‑IV, as
well as the electron transporters ubiquinone and cytochrome c. There are two electron …

Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation is incompletely coupled, since protons translocated
to the intermembrane space by specific respiratory complexes of the electron transport chain …

Adaptive thermogenesis is an important component of energy homeostasis and a metabolic
defense against obesity. We have cloned a novel transcriptional coactivator of nuclear …

Mitochondrial number and function are altered in response to external stimuli in eukaryotes.
While several transcription/replication factors directly regulate mitochondrial genes, the …

Non-shivering thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue is mediated by uncoupling protein 1
(UCP1), which provides a carefully regulated proton re-entry pathway across the …

Investigations of biological programs that are controlled by gene transcription have mainly
studied the regulation of transcription factors. However, there are examples in which the …

Obesity and the related disorders of dyslipidemia and diabetes (components of syndrome X)
have become global health epidemics. Over the past decade, the elucidation of key …

Obesity results when energy intake exceeds energy expenditure. Naturally occurring genetic
mutations, as well as ablative lesions, have shown that the brain regulates both aspects of …

Mitochondria couple respiration to ATP synthesis through an electrochemical proton
gradient. Proton leak across the inner membrane allows adjustment of the coupling …

Obesity is a risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease and has
quickly become a worldwide pandemic with few tangible and safe treatment options …