Pollination syndromes, recurring suites of floral traits appearing in connection with specific
functional pollinator groups, have served for decades to organise floral diversity under a …

▪ Abstract Floral evolution has often been associated with differences in pollination
syndromes. Recently, this conceptual structure has been criticized on the grounds that …

Ecosystem services are natural processes that benefit humans. Birds contribute the four
types of services recognized by the UN Millennium Ecosystem Assessment—provisioning …

Given that a plant's defensive strategy against herbivory is never likely to be a single trait, we
develop the concept of plant defense syndromes, where association with specific ecological …

Since Darwin, the diversity of flowers has been attributed to selection by pollinators.
Although pollinators commonly act as selective agents on floral traits, determining the extent …

Background The hypothesis that pollinators have been important drivers of angiosperm
diversity dates back to Darwin, and remains an important research topic today. Mounting …

Although animal pollination is often proposed as a major driver of floral divergence,
questions remain about its importance in plant speciation. One issue is whether pollinator …

Alterations in water availability and drought events as predicted by climate change
scenarios will increasingly impact natural communities with effects already emerging at …

Abstract “… the highly developed, or specialized types of one geologic period have not been
the parents of the types of succeeding periods, but… the descent has been derived from the …

That hummingbird-pollinated plants predominantly have red flowers has been known for
decades, but well-investigated research studies are still rare. Preference tests have shown …