The formation and accumulation of methylglyoxal (MGO), a highly reactive dicarbonyl
compound, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes, vascular …

Major reactive oxygen species (ROS)–producing systems in vascular wall include NADPH
(reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) oxidase, xanthine oxidase …

Nitric oxide (NO) is one of the most important molecules released by endothelial cells, and
its antiatherogenic properties support cardiovascular homeostasis. Diminished NO …

Arginine (L-arginine), is an amino acid involved in a number of biological processes,
including the biosynthesis of proteins, host immune response, urea cycle, and nitric oxide …

The arginase enzyme developed in early life forms and was maintained during evolution. As
the last step in the urea cycle, arginase cleaves l-arginine to form urea and l-ornithine. The …

The endothelium can evoke relaxations of the underlying vascular smooth muscle, by
releasing vasodilator substances. The best‐characterized endothelium‐derived relaxing …

Rho-associated kinases ROCK1 and ROCK2 are serine/threonine kinases that are
downstream targets of the small GTPases RhoA, RhoB, and RhoC. ROCKs are involved in …

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by inappropriate
hyperglycemia due to lack of or resistance to insulin. Patients with DM are frequently afflicted …

Arginine metabolism has been a key catabolic and anabolic process throughout the
evolution of the immune response. Accruing evidence indicates that arginine-catabolizing …

Free radicals, reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS), hydrogen sulphide, and
hydrogen peroxide play an important role in both intracellular and intercellular signaling; …