Titanium is commonly and successfully used in dental and orthopedic implants. However,
patients still have to face the risk of implant failure due to various reasons, such as implant …

Exosomes (small extracellular vesicles) in living organisms play an important role in
processes such as cell proliferation or intercellular communication. Recently, exosomes …

Stem cell-based therapy has drawn attention for enhancing the osseointegration efficiency
after joint replacement in the rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, therapeutic efficacy of this …

Protein nanotubes (PNTs) as state‐of‐the‐art nanocarriers are promising for various
potential applications both in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Derived from edible …

As the application of Raman spectroscopy to study bone has grown over the past decade,
making it a peer technology to FTIR spectroscopy, it has become critical to understand their …

Biominerals and biomaterials are part of our daily lives, from our skeleton and teeth to coral
reefs and carbon-capturing single-cell organisms in the oceans, to engineered ceramics …

Atherosclerosis, calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD), and bioprosthetic heart valve
degeneration (alternatively termed structural valve deterioration, SVD) represent three …

Bioelectrochemical systems (BESs) are a relatively new arena for producing bioelectricity,
desalinating sea water, and treating industrial effluents by removing organic matter …

Pathological mineralization has been reported countless times in the literature and is a well-
known phenomenon in the medical field for its connections to a wide range of diseases …

The abilities of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and focused ion beam (FIB) milling for
obtaining high‐resolution images from top surfaces, cross‐sectional surfaces, and even in …