We propose a practical concept that distinguishes the particular kind of weaponry that has
evolved to be used in combat between individuals of the same species and sex, which we …

This review describes the formation, structure, and function of bony compartments in antlers,
horns, ossicones, osteoderm and the os penis/os clitoris (collectively referred to herein as …

This work attempts at providing a revised framework for ornithischian phylogeny, based on
an exhaustive data compilation of already published analyses, a critical re-evaluation of …

Selection for divergent performance optima has been proposed as a central mechanism
underlying adaptive radiation. Uncovering multiple optima requires identifying forms …

Ceratosaur theropods ruled the Southern Hemisphere until the end of the Late Cretaceous.
However, their origin was earlier, during the Early Jurassic, a fact which allowed the group to …

Many fossil animals bear traits such as crests or horns that probably functioned as sexually
selected signals or weapons. Interpretations of these structures as functioning in mate …

The nasal region plays a key role in sensory, thermal, and respiratory physiology, but
exploring its evolution is hampered by a lack of preservation of soft‐tissue structures in …

For over a century, researchers have assumed that the plane of the lateral semicircular
canal of the inner ear lies parallel to the horizon when the head is at rest, and used this …

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of neurologic impairment and death that
remains poorly understood. Rodent models have yet to produce clinical therapies, and the …

Headbutting is a combative behavior most popularly portrayed and exemplified in the extant
bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis). When behaviorally proposed in extinct taxa, these …