Infections arising from multidrug-resistant pathogenic bacteria are spreading rapidly
throughout the world and threaten to become untreatable. The origins of resistance are …

Two-component systems (TCS) comprising sensor histidine kinases and response regulator
proteins are among the most important players in bacterial and archaeal signal transduction …

Two-component systems reprogramme diverse aspects of microbial physiology in response
to environmental cues. Canonical systems are composed of a transmembrane sensor …

To exist in a wide range of environmental niches, bacteria must sense and respond to a
variety of external signals. A primary means by which this occurs is through two-component …

Many aspects of plant photoperception are mediated by the phytochrome (Phy) family of
bilin-containing photoreceptors that reversibly interconvert between inactive Pr and active …

Histidine kinases (HKs) are major players in bacterial signaling. There has been an
explosion of new HK crystal structures in the last 5 years. We globally analyze the structures …

Gene expression occurs in two essential steps: transcription and translation. In bacteria, the
two processes are tightly coupled in time and space, and highly regulated. Tight regulation …

Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria have evolved elaborate machinery to
biosynthesize and respond to diverse small-molecule signals. As bacteria grow, these …

Increased expression of chromosomal genes for resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND)-
type efflux systems plays a major role in the multidrug resistance (MDR) of Acinetobacter …

Gram-negative pathogens such as Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa are the leading cause of nosocomial infections throughout the …