Background Persistent primitive trigeminal artery (PPTA) is a rare remnant between the
internal carotid artery (ICA) and the basilar artery into adulthood. PPTA generally lacks …

Cerebral arteries may exhibit a wide range of variation from normal anatomy, which can be
incidentally discovered during imaging. Knowledge of such variants is crucial to differentiate …

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the
circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial …

Background The persistent trigeminal artery (PTA) is the most common remnant of primitive
circulation, communicating the developing carotid and vertebrobasilar junction. Purpose …

Introduction Persistent trigeminal artery (PTA) is the most common remnant of primitive
circulation communicating the developing carotid and vertebrobasilar junction. Although …

Knowledge of anatomy and its variations is the key to safe and efficient surgery. The
endoscopic endonasal route to the sella has evolved to become the preferred route to …

The persistent trigeminal artery (PTA) is the most common foetal carotid-basilar anastomosis
which may persist into adult life. In the literature there are numerous papers referring to the …

The persistent primitive trigeminal artery is the most common persistent carotid-
vertebrobasilar anastomosis. Patients are usually asymptomatic and the persistent primitive …

Background The incidence of carotid cavernous fistula (CCF) associated with persistent
primitive trigeminal artery (PPTA) aneurysm rupture is extremely rare. We presented a case …

Purpose The trigeminal artery is one of the four primitive anastomosis established between
the internal carotid artery and the vertebrobasilar system that regresses at the sixth week of …