Abstract Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) enacts major roles in the maintenance
of epithelial tissues. However, when EGFR signaling is altered, it becomes the grand …

Simple Summary The deregulation of the oxidative metabolism in cancer cells,
characterized by an increased ratio between glycolysis and oxygen consumption (Warburgv …

Resistance to cancer therapy is a major barrier to cancer management. Conventional views
have proposed that acquisition of resistance may result from genetic mutations. However …

Ongoing research has revealed that the existence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) is one of the
biggest obstacles in the current cancer therapy. CSCs make an influential function in tumor …

Recent studies show that cancer cells are sometimes able to evade the host immunity in the
tumor microenvironment. Cancer cells can express high levels of immune inhibitory …

Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) is an immune checkpoint inhibitor that binds to its
receptor PD-1 expressed by T cells and other immune cells to regulate immune responses; …

Although the role of PD-L1 in suppressing the anti-tumor immune response is extensively
documented, recent discoveries indicate a distinct tumor-intrinsic role for PD-L1 in …

Breast cancer is the most frequently occurring cancer in women. Chemotherapy in
combination with immunotherapy has been used to treat breast cancer. Atezolizumab …

PD-L1 is a ligand for PD-1, and its expression has been shown to be upregulated in
neutrophils harvested from septic patients. However, the effect of PD-L1 on neutrophil …

Drug resistance is the main culprit of failure in cancer therapy that may lead to cancer
relapse. This resistance mostly originates from rare, but impactful presence of cancer stem …