Interactions between central glial cells and neurons in the pain circuitry are critical
contributors to the pathogenesis of chronic pain. In the central nervous system (CNS), two …

The nature of the transition from acute to chronic pain still eludes explanation, but chronic
pain resulting from surgery provides a natural experiment that invites clinical …

Females greatly outnumber males as sufferers of chronic pain. Although social and
psychological factors certainly play a role in the differences in prevalence and incidence …

Activation of glial cells and neuro–glial interactions are emerging as key mechanisms
underlying chronic pain. Accumulating evidence has implicated 3 types of glial cells in the …

Differences in the prevalence of chronic pain in women vs. men are well known, and
decades of laboratory experimentation have demonstrated that women are more sensitive to …

Opioid receptors have been targeted for the treatment of pain and related disorders for
thousands of years and remain the most widely used analgesics in the clinic. Mu (μ), kappa …

Introduction: The Neuromodulation Appropriateness Consensus Committee (NACC) of the
International Neuromodulation Society (INS) evaluated evidence regarding the safety and …

Central sensitization represents an enhancement in the function of neurons and circuits in
nociceptive pathways caused by increases in membrane excitability and synaptic efficacy as …

It is well established that microglial form and function are inextricably linked. In recent years,
the traditional view that microglial form ranges between “ramified resting” and “activated …

Fibromyalgia syndrome is mainly characterized by pain, fatigue, and sleep disruption. The
etiology of fibromyalgia is still unclear: if central sensitization is considered to be the main …