Glutamate is one of the most prevalent neurotransmitters released by excitatory neurons in
the central nervous system (CNS); however, residual glutamate in the extracellular space is …

Astrocytes are neural cells of ectodermal, neuroepithelial origin that provide for homeostasis
and defense of the central nervous system (CNS). Astrocytes are highly heterogeneous in …

Abstract Information transfer within neuronal circuits depends on the balance and recurrent
activity of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission. Chloride (Cl−) is the major central …

Primary aldosteronism, a common cause of severe hypertension, features constitutive
production of the adrenal steroid aldosterone. We analyzed a multiplex family with familial …

Astrocytes have long been regarded as essentially unexcitable cells that do not contribute to
active signaling and information processing in the brain. Contrary to this classical view, it is …

Astrocytes, a subtype of glial cells, come in variety of forms and functions. However,
overarching role of these cell is in the homeostasis of the brain, be that regulation of ions …

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) production occurs at a rate of 500 ml per day in the adult human.
Conventional osmotic forces do not suffice to support such production rate and the …

Background Disturbances in the brain fluid balance can lead to life-threatening elevation in
the intracranial pressure (ICP), which represents a vast clinical challenge. Nevertheless, the …

Glutamate is the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system,
and its precise control is vital to maintain normal brain function and to prevent excitotoxicity …

Astrocytes comprise half of the cells in the central nervous system and play a critical role in
maintaining metabolic homeostasis. Metabolic dysfunction in astrocytes has been indicated …