Thyroid hormone (TH) molecules enter cells via membrane transporters and, depending on
the cell type, can be activated (ie, T4 to T3 conversion) or inactivated (ie, T3 to 3, 3′-diiodo-l …

Our understanding of thyroid hormone action has been substantially altered by recent
clinical observations of thyroid signaling defects in syndromes of hormone resistance and in …

Background: A number of recent advances in our understanding of thyroid physiology may
shed light on why some patients feel unwell while taking levothyroxine monotherapy. The …

This review answers the question of why selenium is such an important trace element in the
human diet. Daily dietary intake of selenium and its content in various food products is …

Background: Data suggest symptoms of hypothyroidism persist in 5–10% of levothyroxine (L-
T4)-treated hypothyroid patients with normal serum thyrotrophin (TSH). The use of L-T4+ …

The iodothyronine deiodinases initiate or terminate thyroid hormone action and therefore
are critical for the biological effects mediated by thyroid hormone. Over the years, research …

Context Levothyroxine monotherapy is the treatment of choice for hypothyroid patients
because peripheral T4 to T3 conversion is believed to account for the overall tissue …

The majority of estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancers are treated with endocrine
therapy. While this is effective, acquired resistance to therapies targeted against ER is a …

Introduction: Animal studies suggest that up to 80% of intracellular T3 in the brain is derived
from circulating T4 by local deiodination. We hypothesized that in patients on T4 common …

Thyroid hormone is essential for normal metabolism and development, and overt
abnormalities in thyroid function lead to common endocrine disorders affecting …