Conjugated polymers (CPs), as exemplified by polypyrrole, are intrinsically conducting
polymers with potential for development as soft actuators or “artificial muscles” for numerous …

Electromechanical coupling in electroactive polymers (EAPs) has been widely applied for
actuation and is also being increasingly investigated for sensing chemical and mechanical …

Electroactive Polymer Actuators as Arti cial Muscles Page 1 213 6 Electroactive Polymer
Actuators as Artificial Muscles Yoseph Bar-Cohen California Institute of Technology …

DOI: 10.1002/adma. 201404772 the humidity-responsive actuation results from the coupling
of two differently structured tissue layers with different elongations along a specific direction …

Bio‐inspired actuation materials, also called artificial muscles, have attracted great attention
in recent decades for their potential application in intelligent robots, biomedical devices, and …

Ionic actuators have attracted attention due to their remarkably large strain under low-
voltage stimulation. Because actuation performance is mainly dominated by the …

Rapid advances in synthetic polymer science and nanotechnology have revealed new
avenues of development in conductive electroactive polymers that take greater advantage of …

Conducting polymer nanostructures have received increasing attention in both fundamental
research and various application fields in recent decades. Compared with bulk conducting …

Stimulus-active polymers can vary their shapes (configuration or dimension) or produce
mechanical power in response to external stimuli such as heat, electricity, light, magnetic …

The development of smart nanotextiles has the potential to revolutionize the functionality of
our clothing and the fabrics in our surroundings. Nanoscale manipulation results in new …