The importance and practicality of near‐infrared (NIR) light for the biomedical field has
attached importance to the academe and industry with the development of technology …

Stroke remains a major cause of long-term disability and mortality worldwide. The immune
system plays an important role in determining the condition of the brain following stroke. As …

Photobiomodulation (PBM) is a treatment method based on research findings showing that
irradiation with certain wavelengths of red or near-infrared light has been shown to produce …

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia in the elderly, causing
neuronal degeneration and cognitive deficits that significantly impair independence and …

The glymphatic system is a glial-dependent waste clearance pathway in the central nervous
system, devoted to drain away waste metabolic products and soluble proteins such as …

Neurostimulant drugs or magnetic/electrical stimulation techniques can overcome attention
deficits, but these drugs or techniques are weakly beneficial in boosting the learning …

Noninvasive brain stimulation/modulation is a rapidly emerging technique that has been
implemented in different clinical applications. The commonly noninvasive techniques used …

Mitochondria play a vital role in the nervous system, as they are responsible for generating
energy in the form of ATP and regulating cellular processes such as calcium (Ca 2+) …

Transcranial photobiomodulation (tPBM) is a safe and noninvasive intervention that has
shown promise for improving cognitive performance. Whether tPBM can modulate brain …

Almost all physiological processes of animals are controlled by the brain, including
language, cognitive, memory, learning, emotion and so forth. Minor brain dysfunction usually …