Adenosine is involved in a range of physiological and pathological effects through
membrane-bound receptors linked to G proteins. There are four subtypes of adenosine …

Caffeine causes most of its biological effects via antagonizing all types of adenosine
receptors (ARs): A1, A2A, A3, and A2B and, as does adenosine, exerts effects on neurons …

The consumption of caffeine (an adenosine receptor antagonist) correlates inversely with
depression and memory deterioration, and adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) antagonists …

Purinergic neurotransmission, involving release of ATP as an efferent neurotransmitter was
first proposed in 1972. Later, ATP was recognised as a cotransmitter in peripheral nerves …

Adenosine acts in parallel as a neuromodulator and as a homeostatic modulator in the
central nervous system. Its neuromodulatory role relies on a balanced activation of inhibitory …

Adenosine receptor subtypes, first described 40 years ago, are known to regulate diverse
biological functions and have a role in various conditions, such as cerebral and cardiac …

The relationship between depression and dopamine deficiency in the mesolimbic pathway
has been hypothesized for many years. The experimental studies with animal models of …

The adenosine receptors (ARs) in the nervous system act as a kind of “go-between” to
regulate the release of neurotransmitters (this includes all known neurotransmitters) and the …

In the pursuit of improved treatments for Parkinson's disease (PD), the adenosine A2A
receptor has emerged as an attractive nondopaminergic target. Based on the compelling …

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a chronic relapsing psychiatric disorder. Conventional
antidepressants usually require several weeks of continuous administration to exert …