Urban environments are characterised by different microclimates, ecological resources and
habitat connectivity compared to nonurban environments. Hence, urban environments may …

Simple Summary Reptiles are commonly housed in zoos, wildlife parks or as pets, although
there are many species for which welfare measures are not well established. Compared to …

Predation is an important selection pressure affecting animals. Predation has both
consumptive and non-lethal effects. Because it is often difficult to estimate the extent to …

Males and females often differ in use of antipredator behaviors, particularly when
antipredator behavior comes at the cost of missed mating opportunities or territory defense …

Animal personality refers to consistent individual differences across contexts, ecological
situations, and/or time. To understand the evolution of animal personality, it is crucial that …

Biotic conflict can create evolutionary competition across species in the quest to maintain
vital populations. In some cases, this process is driven by conflict among members of the …

Defensive strategies, like other life-history traits favored by natural selection, may pose
constraints on reproduction. A common anti-predator defense strategy that increases …

Predators attack conspicuous prey phenotypes that are present in the environment. Male
display behavior of conspicuous nuptial coloration becomes risky in the presence of a …

Anthropogenic landscape change due to urbanisation, agriculture and resource extraction
inevitably results in linear barriers within the landscape. Artificial linear structures such as …

Climate change is creating novel thermal environments worldwide. The alteration of thermal
niches is especially challenging for ectotherms due to their reliance on body temperature for …