Cellular immune responses consist of innate and adaptive cell-mediated immune
mechanisms, where all leukocyte subpopulations are included. Among these are vital …

Due to direct contact with aquatic environment, mucosal surfaces of teleost fish are
continuously exposed to a vast number of pathogens and also inhabited by high densities of …

Germinal centers (GCs) or analogous secondary lymphoid microstructures (SLMs) are
thought to have evolved in endothermic species. However, living representatives of their …

The understanding of the functions of the immune system needs a fundament of solid
anatomical knowledge. The construction and arrangement of the different components of the …

The immune system is composed of two subsystems—the innate immune system and the
adaptive immune system. The innate immune system is the first to respond to pathogens and …

The gut microbiota is currently one of the most studied 'organs' in animals, and fish are no
exception. A complex diversity of microbes, including bacteria, archaea, yeast and fungus …

Teleost fish possess an adaptive immune system associated with each of their mucosal
body surfaces. Evidence obtained from mucosal vaccination and mucosal infection studies …

The field of mucosal immunology research has grown fast over the past few years, and our
understanding on how mucosal surfaces respond to complex antigenic cocktails is …

Diseases are a significant impediment to aquaculture's sustainable and healthy growth. The
aquaculture industry is suffering significant financial losses as a result of the worsening …

Fish mucus layers are the main surface of exchange between fish and the environment, and
they possess important biological and ecological functions. Fish mucus research is …