We present estimates of whitecap coverage on a global scale from satellite‐measured
brightness temperature of the ocean surface. This is a first step in a larger framework aiming …

Satellite-based microwave radiometers can measure sea surface temperature (SST) over
wide areas, even under cloud cover, owing to the weak absorption of microwaves by cloud …

Many air‐sea interaction processes are quantified in terms of whitecap fraction W because
whitecaps are the most visible and direct way of observing breaking waves with air …

We present a radiative transfer model for the emissivity of vertically structured layers of sea
foam at microwave frequencies from 1 GHz to 37 GHz. The main features of the model …

We present a systematic investigation of the applicability of a group of mixing rules for
obtaining the dielectric constant (permittivity) of sea foam (whitecaps) at microwave …

Spectral properties of whitecaps are of importance for color ocean remote sensing and
aerosol optical thickness probing from satellite‐based instruments. They also influence …

To develop a foam emissivity model, we started a systematic investigation of sea foam
properties at microwave frequencies from 1 to 37 GHz. We first examined various permittivity …

A fast method of moments is presented to calculate electromagnetic wave scattering from
layered one-dimensional rough surfaces. The formulation is provided for M stratified …

Airborne infrared imagery of breaking ocean waves shows that whitecaps on actively
breaking wave crests appear relatively bright while residual whitecaps appear dark …

We develop composition microwave electromagnetic models to calculate the emissivity of
sea foam and spray. To describe foam nonuniformities, we suggest incorporating vertical …