Innate immunity is the first defense system against invading pathogens. Toll-like receptors
(TLRs) are well-defined pattern recognition receptors responsible for pathogen recognition …

Abstract Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 belongs to the TLR family of receptors inducing pro-
inflammatory responses to invading pathogens. TLR4 is activated by lipopolysaccharide …

As the professional antigen-presenting cells of the immune system, dendritic cells (DCs)
sense the microenvironment and shape the ensuing adaptive immune response. DCs can …

The study of innate immunity and its link to inflammation and host defense encompasses
diverse areas of biology, ranging from genetics and biophysics to signal transduction and …

Wound healing is one of the most complex processes in the human body. It involves the
spatial and temporal synchronization of a variety of cell types with distinct roles in the …

Dendritic cells (DCs) possess the ability to integrate information about their environment and
communicate it to other leukocytes, shaping adaptive and innate immunity. Over the years, a …

Until recently, the development of new human adjuvants was held back by a poor
understanding of their mechanisms of action. The field was revolutionized by the discovery …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are transmembrane proteins belonging to the family of pattern-
recognition receptors. They function as sensors of invading pathogens through recognition …

Influenza viruses are a major pathogen of both humans and animals. Recent studies using
gene-knockout mice have led to an in-depth understanding of the innate sensors that detect …

Signaling by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) on intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) is critical for
intestinal homeostasis. To visualize epithelial expression of individual TLRs in vivo, we …