Breathing is a vital rhythmic motor behavior with a surprisingly broad influence on the brain
and body. The apparent simplicity of breathing belies a complex neural control system, the …

Opioid-induced respiratory depression (OIRD) represents the primary cause of death
associated with therapeutic and recreational opioid use. Within the United States, the rate of …

Overdoses caused by the opioid agonist fentanyl have increased exponentially in recent
years. Identifying mechanisms to counter progression to fatal respiratory apnea during …

Opioids depress minute ventilation primarily by reducing respiratory rate. This results from
direct effects on the preBötzinger Complex as well as from depression of the …

Collectively, the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) and adjacent C1 neurons regulate breathing,
circulation and the state of vigilance, but previous methods to manipulate the activity of these …

The Kölliker‐Fuse nucleus (KF) is a functionally distinct component of the parabrachial
complex, located in the dorsolateral pons of mammals. The KF has a major role in …

The retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) contains chemosensitive cells that distribute CO2-
dependent excitatory drive to the respiratory network. This drive facilitates the function of the …

Opioids suppress breathing through actions in the brainstem, including respiratory-related
areas of the dorsolateral pons, which contain multiple phenotypes of respiratory patterned …

Breathing at rest is typically characterized by three phases: active inspiration, post-
inspiration (or stage 1 expiration), and passive expiration (or stage 2 expiration). Breathing …

Background Recent studies showed partial reversal of opioid-induced respiratory
depression in the pre-Bötzinger complex and the parabrachial nucleus/Kölliker–Fuse …