We now know that cancer is many different diseases, with great variation even within a
single histological subtype. With the current emphasis on developing personalized …

Although intrinsic mechanisms that regulate arterial blood pressure (BP) are similar in men
and women, marked variations exist at the molecular, cellular and tissue levels. These …

This review summarizes recent evidence concerning hormonal and sex chromosome effects
in obesity, atherosclerosis, aneurysms, ischemia/reperfusion injury, and hypertension …

A general theory of mammalian sexual differentiation is proposed. All biological sex
differences are the result of the inequality in effects of the sex chromosomes, which are the …

The gender difference in cancer susceptibility is one of the most consistent findings in
cancer epidemiology. Hematologic malignancies are generally more common in males and …

Importance Biological sex and sociocultural gender represent major sources of diversity
among patients, and recent research has shown the association of sex and gender with …

Males and females often age at different rates resulting in longevity 'gender gaps', where
one sex outlives the other. Why the sexes have different lifespans is an age‐old question …

Sex differences are found across brain regions, behaviors, and brain diseases. Sexual
differentiation of the brain is initiated prenatally but it continues throughout life, as a result of …

Understanding sex differences in physiology and disease requires the identification of the
molecular agents that cause phenotypic sex differences. Two groups of such agents are …

A fundamental question in the biology of sex differences has eluded direct study in humans:
How does sex-chromosome dosage (SCD) shape genome function? To address this, we …