Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the leading cause of visual impairment in the working‐age
population of the Western world. The pathogenesis of DR is complex and several vascular …

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a diabetic complication which affects retinal function and results
in severe loss of vision and relevant retinal diseases. Retinal vascular dysfunction caused …

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the most prevalent microvascular complications of
diabetes and one of the most frequent causes of blindness in active age. Etiopathogenesis …

Traumatic optic neuropathy (TON) refers to a pathological condition caused by a direct or
indirect insult to the optic nerves, which often leads to a partial or permanent vision deficit …

Probably, the most paradigmatic example of diabetic complication is diabetic nephropathy,
which is the largest single cause of end‐stage renal disease and a medical catastrophe of …

Cytokines act as pleiotropic polypeptides regulating inflammatory and immune responses
through actions on cells. They provide important signals in the pathophysiology of a range of …

The prevalence of diabetes has been rising steadily in the past half-century, along with the
burden of its associated complications, including diabetic retinopathy (DR). DR is currently …

There is increasing evidence showing that chronic inflammation is an important pathogenic
mediator of the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D). It is now generally accepted that …

Background Diabetic retinopathy is a major complication of diabetes mellitus, where in its
most advanced form ischemic changes lead to the development of retinal …

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the most common complications of diabetes and is a
leading cause of blindness in people of the working age in Western countries. A major …