Adaptive explanations for modern human foot anatomy have long fascinated evolutionary
biologists because of the dramatic differences between our feet and those of our closest …

Bipedalism is a hallmark of being human and the human foot is modified to reflect this
unique form of locomotion. Leonardo da Vinci is credited with calling the human foot “a …

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For much of the Pliocene and Pleistocene, multiple hominin species coexisted in the same
regions of eastern and southern Africa. Due to the limitations of the skeletal fossil record …

Bipedal trackways discovered in 1978 at Laetoli site G, Tanzania and dated to 3.66 million
years ago are widely accepted as the oldest unequivocal evidence of obligate bipedalism in …

The evolutionary pressures shaping humans' unique bipedal locomotion have been a focus
of research since Darwin, but the origins of humans' economical walking gait and endurance …

Abstract Human tracks at White Sands National Park record more than one and a half
kilometres of an out-and-return journey and form the longest Late Pleistocene-age double …

There are 26 bones in each foot (52 in total), meaning that roughly a quarter of the human
skeleton consists of foot bones. Yet, early hominin foot fossils are frustratingly rare, making it …

In this review, we present on the evolution of the locomotor adaptation of hominins in the
Late Miocene to Late Pliocene, with emphasis on some of the prominent advances and …

Humans are unique among apes and other primates in the musculoskeletal design of their
lower back, pelvis, and lower limbs. Here, we describe the three-dimensional ground …