Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) outbreaks in wild birds and poultry are no longer a
rare phenomenon in Europe. In the past 15 years, HPAI outbreaks—in particular those …

In 1918, a strain of influenza A virus caused a human pandemic resulting in the deaths of 50
million people. A century later, with the advent of sequencing technology and corresponding …

Analyses of HPAI H5 viruses from poultry outbreaks across a wide Eurasian region since
July 2020 including the Russian Federation, Republics of Iraq and Kazakhstan, and recent …

For decades, hemagglutinin (HA) protein structure and its refolding mechanism have served
as a paradigm for understanding protein-mediated membrane fusion. HA trimers are in a …

Current influenza virus vaccines contain H1N1 (phylogenetic group 1 hemagglutinin), H3N2
(phylogenetic group 2 hemagglutinin), and influenza B virus components. These vaccines …

Since 2013, there have been several alarming influenza‐related events; the spread of highly
pathogenic avian influenza H5 viruses into North America, the detection of H10N8 and …

Influenza A viruses (IAV) circulate endemically among many wild aquatic bird populations
that seasonally migrate between wintering grounds in southern latitudes to breeding ranges …

The discovery in 1976 of waterfowl as the primary reservoir of influenza A viruses (IAVs) has
since spurred decades of waterfowl surveillance efforts by researchers dedicated to …

Avian influenza virus (AIV) is a major health threat to both avian and human populations.
The ecology of the virus is driven by numerous factors, including climate and avian migration …

Based on hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), influenza A virus is divided into 18
different HA (H1 to H18) and 11 NA types (N1 to N11), opening the possibility for …