Cellular immune responses consist of innate and adaptive cell-mediated immune
mechanisms, where all leukocyte subpopulations are included. Among these are vital …

Due to direct contact with aquatic environment, mucosal surfaces of teleost fish are
continuously exposed to a vast number of pathogens and also inhabited by high densities of …

Germinal centers (GCs) or analogous secondary lymphoid microstructures (SLMs) are
thought to have evolved in endothermic species. However, living representatives of their …

The understanding of the functions of the immune system needs a fundament of solid
anatomical knowledge. The construction and arrangement of the different components of the …

INTRODUCTION Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is the most abundant mammalian antibody
isotype, constituting more than 80% of all antibody-secreting plasma cells at steady state …

The immune system is composed of two subsystems—the innate immune system and the
adaptive immune system. The innate immune system is the first to respond to pathogens and …

Various immune mechanisms are deployed in the mucosa to confront the immense diversity
of resident bacteria. A substantial fraction of the commensal microbiota is coated with …

To connect human biology to fish biomedical models, we sequenced the genome of spotted
gar (Lepisosteus oculatus), whose lineage diverged from teleosts before teleost genome …

The gut microbiota is currently one of the most studied 'organs' in animals, and fish are no
exception. A complex diversity of microbes, including bacteria, archaea, yeast and fungus …

The adaptive immune system arose 500 million years ago in ectothermic (cold-blooded)
vertebrates. Classically, the adaptive immune system has been defined by the presence of …