Optogenetic techniques have been developed to allow control over the activity of selected
cells within a highly heterogeneous tissue, using a combination of genetic engineering and …

In the hippocampus GABAergic local circuit inhibitory interneurons represent only~ 10–15%
of the total neuronal population; however, their remarkable anatomical and physiological …

Calcium imaging with protein-based indicators, is widely used to follow neural activity in
intact nervous systems, but current protein sensors report neural activity at timescales much …

Regeneration after severe spinal cord injury cannot occur naturally in mammals.
Transplanting stem cells to the injury site is a highly promising method, but it faces many …

A key assumption of optogenetics is that light only affects opsin-expressing neurons.
However, illumination invariably heats tissue, and many physiological processes are …

Current electrophysiological or optical techniques cannot reliably perform simultaneous
intracellular recordings from more than a few tens of neurons. Here we report a …

During an action potential, Ca 2+ entering a presynaptic terminal triggers synaptic vesicle
exocytosis and neurotransmitter release in less than a millisecond. How does Ca 2+ …

Brain function relies on the ability of neurons to communicate with each other. Interneuronal
communication primarily takes place at synapses, where information from one neuron is …

The two universally required components of the intracellular membrane fusion machinery,
SNARE and SM (Sec1/Munc18-like) proteins, play complementary roles in fusion. Vesicular …

Most neuronal communication relies upon the synchronous release of neurotransmitters,
which occurs through synaptic vesicle exocytosis triggered by action potential invasion of a …