Teeth are found in almost all vertebrates, and they therefore provide a general paradigm for
the study of epithelial organ development and evolution. Here, we review the developmental …

Tooth enamel is a complex mineralized tissue consisting of long and parallel apatite crystals
configured into decussating enamel rods. In recent years, multiple approaches have been …

Wnt signaling affects both bone modeling, which occurs during development, and bone
remodeling, which is a lifelong process involving tissue renewal. Wnt signals are especially …

Teeth play essential roles in life. Their development relies on reciprocal interactions
between the ectoderm-derived dental epithelium and the underlying neural crest-originated …

Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is a secreted protein with important roles in mammalian
embryogenesis. During tooth development, Shh is primarily expressed in the dental …

The Hedgehog signalling pathway plays a fundamental role in orchestrating normal
craniofacial development in vertebrates. In particular, Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is produced in …

Tooth number abnormality is one of the most common dental developmental diseases,
which includes both tooth agenesis and supernumerary teeth. Tooth development is …

Four conserved signaling pathways, including the bone morphogenetic proteins (Bmp),
fibroblast growth factors (Fgf), sonic hedgehog (Shh), and wingless-related (Wnt) pathways …

In humans, inherited variation in the number, size, and shape of teeth within the dentitions
are relatively common, while rarer defects of hard tissue formation, including amelogenesis …

The evolutionary relationships of extinct species are ascertained primarily through the
analysis of morphological characters. Character inter-dependencies can have a substantial …