Optimal cardiac function depends on proper timing of excitation and contraction in various
regions of the heart, as well as on appropriate heart rate. This is accomplished via …

Although sinus node dysfunction (SND) and atrial arrhythmias frequently coexist and
interact, the putative mechanism linking the 2 remain unclear. Although SND is …

European Heart House, headquarters of the ESC. Any changes in conflict of interest that
arise during the writing period must be notified to the ESC. The Task Force report was …

Background—Although we know much about the molecular makeup of the sinus node (SN)
in small mammals, little is known about it in humans. The aims of the present study were to …

artery (Figure 2B), although the relationship to the artery varies from individual to individual.
8 The nodal cells are set in a matrix of fibrous tissue, with a relatively discrete boundary …

The sinoatrial node is the primary pacemaker of the heart. Nodal dysfunction with aging,
heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and even endurance athletic training can lead to a wide variety …

In the mammalian heart a conduction system of nodes and conducting cells generates and
transduces the electrical signals evoking myocardial contractions. Specialized pacemaker …

It is now over 100years since the discovery of the cardiac conduction system, consisting of
three main parts, the sinus node, the atrioventricular node and the His–Purkinje system. The …

Atrial structures are important in the current era of cardiac interventions using percutaneous
transcatheter procedures. Understanding their locations and component parts helps to …

Background: Phrenic nerve injury is a recognized complication following cardiac
intervention or surgery. With increasing use of transcatheter procedures to treat drug …