Rheumatic heart valve disease (RHVD) is a post-infectious sequel of acute rheumatic fever
resulting from an abnormal immune response to a streptococcal pharyngitis that triggers …

This article provides a theoretical overview of the association between age-related hearing
loss (ARHL), immune system ageing (immunosenescence), and chronic inflammation …

Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is a key proinflammatory cytokine that drives antimicrobial immune
responses. IL-1β is aberrantly activated in autoimmune diseases, and IL-1β inhibitors are …

Paradoxically, trichothecenes have both immunosuppressive and immunostimulatory
effects. The underlying mechanisms have not been fully explored. Early studies show that …

Abstract Group A Streptococcus (GAS) is among the top ten causes of infection-related
mortality in humans. M protein is the most abundant GAS surface protein, and M1 serotype …

Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) remains a major cause of preventable death and disability
in children and young adults. Despite significant advances in medical technology and …

Pneumolysin (PLY) is a pore-forming toxin produced by the human pathobiont
Streptococcus pneumoniae, the major cause of pneumonia worldwide. PLY, a key …

Age-related hearing loss (ARHL) or presbyacusis is a progressive loss of hearing sensitivity
that is predominately associated with sensory or transduction neuro-cell degeneration in the …

Rheumatic heart disease (RHD), an acquired valvular disease, remains an important cause
of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. This chronic illness starts from untreated …

ABSTRACT Group A Streptococcus (GAS) is the etiologic agent of numerous high-morbidity
and high-mortality diseases. Infections are typically highly proinflammatory. During the …