Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined by persistent urine abnormalities, structural
abnormalities or impaired excretory renal function suggestive of a loss of functional …

Oxygen is essentially required by most eukaryotic organisms as a scavenger to remove
harmful electron and hydrogen ions or as a critical substrate to ensure the proper execution …

Loss of Klotho, an anti-aging protein, plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of chronic
kidney diseases. As Klotho is a large transmembrane protein, it is challenging to harness it …

Renal fibrosis is the final pathological process common to any ongoing, chronic kidney
injury or maladaptive repair. It is considered as the underlying pathological process of …

In its early stages, symptoms of chronic kidney disease (CKD) are usually not apparent.
Significant reduction of the kidney function is the first obvious sign of disease. If diagnosed …

Renal fibrosis, particularly tubulointerstitial fibrosis, is the common final outcome of almost
all progressive chronic kidney diseases. Renal fibrosis is also a reliable predictor of …

Interstitial fibrosis is the common endpoint of end-stage chronic kidney disease (CKD)
leading to kidney failure. The clinical course of many renal diseases, and thereby of CKD, is …

Tissue injury initiates an inflammatory response through the actions of immunostimulatory
molecules referred to as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). DAMPs …

Renal tissue injury initiates inflammatory and fibrotic processes that occur to promote
regeneration and repair. After renal injury, damaged tissue releases cytokines and …

Chronic kidney disease involves renal inflammation, interstitial fibrosis, and tubular and
vascular atrophy. Macrophages seem to foster all of these histomorphological abnormalities …