Virtually all natural proteins are built from only 20 amino acids, and while this makes
possible all the functions they perform, the ability to encode other amino acids selected for …

The genetic code, initially thought to be universal and immutable, is now known to contain
many variations, including biased codon usage, codon reassignment, ambiguous decoding …

Mutually orthogonal aminoacyl transfer RNA synthetase/transfer RNA pairs provide a
foundation for encoding non-canonical amino acids into proteins, and encoded non …

Over the past 16 years, genetic code expansion and reprogramming in living organisms has
been transformed by advances that leverage the unique properties of pyrrolysyl-tRNA …

Pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase (PylRS) and tRNA Pyl have been extensively used for genetic-
code expansion. A Methanosarcina mazei PylRS mutant bearing the Y306A and Y384F …

Pyrrolysine is represented by an amber codon in genes encoding proteins such as the
methylamine methyltransferases present in some Archaea and Bacteria. Pyrrolysyl-tRNA …

The incorporation of noncanonical amino acids (ncAAs) with different side chains into a
peptide is a promising technique for changing the functional properties of that peptide. Of …

Within the broad field of synthetic biology, genetic code expansion (GCE) techniques enable
creation of proteins with an expanded set of amino acids. This may be invaluable for …

Cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) has emerged as a novel protein expression platform.
Especially the incorporation of non-canonical amino acids (ncAAs) has led to the …

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8, 008, 443 B2 8, 008, 453 B2 8, 030, 074 B2 8, 124, 094 B2 8, 216, 804 B2 8, 263, 740 B2 …