Pathological fear and anxiety are highly debilitating and, despite considerable advances in
psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy they remain insufficiently treated in many patients with …

The locus coeruleus norepinephrine (LC-NE) system plays a broad role in learning and
memory. Here we begin with an overview of the LC-NE system. We then consider how both …

Behavioural states in mammals, such as the anxious state, are characterized by several
features that are coordinately regulated by diverse nervous system outputs, ranging from …

The prefrontal cortex in rats can be distinguished anatomically from other frontal cortical
areas both in terms of cytoarchitectonic characteristics and neural connectivity, and it can be …

Environmental stimuli that signal real or potential threats to homeostasis lead to
glucocorticoid secretion by the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical (HPA) axis …

Psychiatric disorders represent a large economic burden in modern societies. However,
pharmacological treatments are still far from optimal. Drugs used in the treatment of major …

Oxytocin (OXT)-mediated behavioral responses to social and stressful cues have
extensively been studied in male rodents. Here, we investigated the capacity of brain OXT …

This review assesses the parallel data on the role of gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) in
depression and anxiety. We review historical and new data from both animal and human …

The prefrontal cortex (PFC) mediates a range of higher order 'executive functions' that
subserve the selection and processing of information in such a way that behavior can be …

Substantial evidence indicates that the lateral septum (LS) plays a critical role in regulating
processes related to mood and motivation. This review presents findings from the basic …