Mendelian randomization (MR) is a term that applies to the use of genetic variation to
address causal questions about how modifiable exposures influence different outcomes …

Mendelian randomization (MR) is a method of studying the causal effects of modifiable
exposures (ie, potential risk factors) on health, social, and economic outcomes using genetic …

This paper provides guidelines for performing Mendelian randomization investigations. It is
aimed at practitioners seeking to undertake analyses and write up their findings, and at …

Epigenetic clocks comprise a set of CpG sites whose DNA methylation levels measure
subject age. These clocks are acknowledged as a highly accurate molecular correlate of …

Mediation analysis seeks to explain the pathway (s) through which an exposure affects an
outcome. Traditional, non-instrumental variable methods for mediation analysis experience …

Mendelian randomization (MR) is the use of genetic variants associated with an exposure to
estimate the causal effect of that exposure on an outcome. Mediation analysis is the method …

Pleiotropy, the phenomenon of a single genetic variant influencing multiple traits, is likely
widespread in the human genome. If pleiotropy arises because the single nucleotide …

Background Mendelian randomization (MR) is a powerful tool in epidemiology that can be
used to estimate the causal effect of an exposure on an outcome in the presence of …

Inference about the causal structure that induces correlations between two traits can be
achieved by combining genetic associations with a mediation-based approach, as is done in …

Background Obesity is observationally associated with altered risk of many female
reproductive conditions. These include polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), abnormal uterine …