The field of cAMP signaling is witnessing exciting developments with the recognition that
cAMP is compartmentalized and that spatial regulation of cAMP is critical for faithful signal …

Adenylyl cyclases (ACs) generate the second messenger cAMP from ATP. Mammalian cells
express nine transmembrane AC (mAC) isoforms (AC1–9) and a soluble AC (sAC, also …

Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) modulate the neurohormonal regulation of
cardiac function by degrading cAMP and cGMP. In cardiomyocytes, multiple PDE isozymes …

Adenylyl cyclases (ACs) catalyze the conversion of ATP to the ubiquitous second
messenger cAMP. Mammals possess nine isoforms of transmembrane ACs, dubbed AC1–9 …

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and obesity independently increase the risk of
heart failure by incompletely understood mechanisms. We propose that hyperinsulinemia …

It is widely accepted that cAMP signaling is compartmentalized within cells. However, our
knowledge of how receptors, cAMP signaling enzymes, effectors, and other key proteins …

Rationale: The sympathetic nervous system plays a fundamental role in the regulation of
myocardial function. During chronic pressure overload, overactivation of the sympathetic …

Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are a superfamily of enzymes that hydrolyze cyclic nucleotides,
including cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate …

Under physiological conditions, cAMP signaling plays a key role in the regulation of cardiac
function. Activation of this intracellular signaling pathway mirrors cardiomyocyte adaptation …

The L-type Ca2+ channel CaV1. 2 is essential for arterial myocyte excitability, gene
expression and contraction. Elevations in extracellular glucose (hyperglycemia) potentiate …