The purpose of this review is to evaluate the effects of chronic stress on hippocampal-
dependent function, based primarily upon studies using young, adult male rodents and …

Bipolar disorder is a unique illness characterized by fluctuations between mood states of
depression and mania. Originally, an adrenergic–cholinergic balance hypothesis was …

Background A probiotic formulation (L actobacillus helveticus R0052 and B ifidobacterium
longum R0175 combination, Probio'Stick®) displays anxiolytic‐like activity and reduces …

It is becoming increasingly apparent that probiotics are important to the health of the host.
The absence of probiotic bacteria in the gut can have adverse effects not only locally in the …

Chronic restraint stress for 6 h/21 days causes hippocampal CA3 apical dendritic retraction,
which parallels spatial memory impairments in male rats. Recent research suggests that …

Exposure to prolonged stress results in structural and functional alterations in the
hippocampus including reduced long‐term potentiation (LTP), neurogenesis, spatial …

Adult neurogenesis, particularly in the subgranular zone, is thought to be linked with
learning and memory. Chronic stress inhibits adult hippocampal neurogenesis and also …

Severe depression compromises structural and functional integrity of the brain and results in
impaired learning and memory, maladaptive synaptic plasticity as well as degenerative …

Chronic stress decreases neurogenesis in the adult brain, while exposure to enriched
environment (EE) increases it. Recent studies demonstrate the ability of EE to ameliorate …

Simulated hypobaric hypoxia (HBH), resembling high altitude hypoxia severely affects the
CNS and results in several physiological changes. The hippocampus is closely associated …