Congenital anomalies of the lower urinary tract (CALUT) are a family of birth defects of the
ureter, the bladder, and the urethra. CALUT includes ureteral anomaliesc such as congenital …

Fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) and FGF ligands are highly expressed in the
developing kidney and lower urinary tract. Several classic studies showed many effects of …

Fibroblast growth factor receptors (Fgfrs) consist of four signaling family members and one
nonsignaling “decoy” receptor, Fgfr-like 1 (Fgfrl1), all of which are expressed in the …

Primary vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is the most common congenital anomaly of the kidney
and the urinary tract, and it is a major risk factor for pyelonephritic scarring and CKD in …

Urinary tract development depends on a complex series of events in which the ureter moves
from its initial branch point on the nephric duct (ND) to its final insertion site in the cloaca (the …

Acquired renal scarring occurs in a subset of patients following febrile urinary tract infections
and is associated with hypertension, proteinuria, and chronic kidney disease. Limited …

Congenital obstructive uropathy, a major cause of chronic kidney disease, is defined as
kidney, ureter, and/or bladder injury associated with obstruction of the urinary tract …

The transcription factors HNF1B and Pax2, co-expressed in the Wolffian duct and ureteric
bud epithelia, play essential roles during the early steps of mouse kidney development. In …

The spectrum of congenital anomalies affecting either the upper tract (kidneys and ureters)
or lower tract (reproductive organs) of the genitourinary (GU) system are fundamentally …

Classically, trophic factors are considered as proteins which support neurons in their growth,
survival, and differentiation. However, most neurotrophic factors also have important …