In nature, animals display defensive behaviors that reflect the spatiotemporal distance of
threats. Laboratory-based paradigms that elicit specific defensive responses in rodents have …

This article reviews the behavioral neuroscience of extinction, the phenomenon in which a
behavior that has been acquired through Pavlovian or instrumental (operant) learning …

Progress in clinical and affective neuroscience is redefining psychiatric illness as
symptomatic expression of cellular/molecular dysfunctions in specific brain circuits. Post …

Nonlinear Pedagogy is a powerful paradigm for understanding human movement and for
designing effective teaching, coaching and training programmes in sport, exercise and …

The predominant focus in the neurobiological study of memory has been on remembering
(persistence). However, recent studies have considered the neurobiology of forgetting …

We review recent work on the role of intrinsic amygdala networks in the regulation of
classically conditioned defensive behaviors, commonly known as conditioned fear. These …

Research on avoidance conditioning began in the late 1930s as a way to use laboratory
experiments to better understand uncontrollable fear and anxiety. Avoidance was initially …

It is often said that fear is a universal innate emotion that we humans have inherited from our
mammalian ancestors by virtue of having inherited conserved features of their nervous …

Abstract Nearly 100 years ago, Ivan Pavlov demonstrated that dogs could learn to use a
neutral cue to predict a biologically relevant event: after repeated predictive pairings …

Stress has a critical role in the development and expression of many psychiatric disorders,
and is a defining feature of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Stress also limits the …