First promulgated in 1959, the 3Rs of Replacement, Reduction and Refinement have
evolved as fundamental principles underlying the use of animals and alternatives in science …

A central premise of the science of comparative affect is that we can best learn about the
causes and consequences of affect by comparing affective phenomena across a variety of …

Variations in the predictability of a stressor have pronounced effects on the behavioural and
physiological effects of stress in rats. It is reasonable to expect that variations in the …

Building upon the success of the Handbook of Laboratory Animal Science and completing
Volumes I and II of the Second Edition, Handbook of Laboratory Animal Science, Second …

The National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement, and Reduction of Animals in
Research (NC3Rs) is an independent scientific organization that is based in the United …

A central question in the interspecific human/animal relationship is how domestic animals
perceive humans as a significant element of their environment. In this study, we tested the …

Positive reinforcement training (PRT) techniques have received considerable attention for
their stress reduction potential in the behavioral management of captive nonhuman …

Captive environments encompass various factors that can elevate stress levels and
jeopardize the wellbeing of the captive animals. The use of positive reinforcement training …

Husbandry training of zoo animals (training) has been associated with many benefits, and
indisputably is a valuable tool; training facilitates movement of animals within their …

Enrichment is a vital component of husbandry and housing practices for captive primates.
Primates in enriched environments are better equipped to cope with the challenges of …