The poor predictability of human liver toxicity is still causing high attrition rates of drug
candidates in the pharmaceutical industry at the non-clinical, clinical, and post-marketing …

Abstract Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture has tremendous advantages to closely mimic
the in vivo architecture and microenvironment of healthy tissue and organs, as well as of …

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that can be
activated by structurally diverse compounds arising from the environment and the microbiota …

There is increasing evidence that most idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (IDILI) is
immune mediated, and in most cases, reactive metabolites appear to be responsible for the …

In this concise review, the field of electrosynthesis (ES) as a green methodology for
understanding drug metabolites linked to toxicology is exemplified. ES describes the …

Abstract 3D cultures of human stem cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) have emerged
as promising models for short-and long-term maintenance of hepatocyte phenotype in vitro …

The epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR TKIs) have been
approved for non-small cell lung cancer. Although EGFR TKIs are less toxic than traditional …

Detailed assessment of the fate of drugs in nonclinical test species and humans is essential
to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines in patients. In this context, biotransformation of …

Efavirenz is an anti-HIV drug that presents relevant short-and long-term central nervous
system adverse reactions. Its main metabolite (8-hydroxy-efavirenz) was demonstrated to be …

Cocaine is one of the most widely consumed psychoactive substances and has been
recognized as a major public health concern for many years. While several aspects of the …