The encoded biosynthesis of proteins provides the ultimate paradigm for high-fidelity
synthesis of long polymers of defined sequence and composition, but it is limited to …

Codon usage bias, the preference for certain synonymous codons, is found in all genomes.
Although synonymous mutations were previously thought to be silent, a large body of …

In the cell, proteins are synthesized from N to C terminus and begin to fold during translation.
Cotranslational folding mechanisms are therefore linked to elongation rate, which varies as …

Protein homeostasis of bacterial cells is maintained by coordinated processes of protein
production, folding, and degradation. Translational efficiency of a given mRNA depends on …

Outer membrane porins in Gram-negative bacteria facilitate antibiotic influx. In Klebsiella
pneumoniae, modifications in the porin OmpK36 are implicated in increasing resistance to …

Members of the genus Clostridium represent a diverse assemblage of species exhibiting
both medical and industrial importance. Deriving both a greater understanding of their …

Understanding the genetic design principles that determine protein production remains a
major challenge. Although the key principles of gene expression were discovered 50 years …

Synonymous codons were originally viewed as interchangeable, with no phenotypic
consequences. However, substantial evidence has now demonstrated that synonymous …

The rate of protein synthesis is slower than many folding reactions and varies depending on
the synonymous codons encoding the protein sequence. Synonymous codon substitutions …

DNA-guided cell-free protein synthesis using a minimal set of purified components has
emerged as a versatile platform in constructive biology. The E. coli-based PURE (protein …