TGF-β is extensively implicated in the pathogenesis of fibrosis. In fibrotic lesions, spatially
restricted generation of bioactive TGF-β from latent stores requires the cooperation of …

Activation of TGF-β1 initiates a program of temporary collagen accumulation important to
wound repair in many organs. However, the outcome of temporary extracellular matrix …

Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is the most potent pro-fibrogenic cytokine and its
expression is increased in almost all of fibrotic diseases. Although signaling through Smad …

Metabolic programming is emerging as a critical mechanism to alter immune cell activation,
differentiation and function. Targeting metabolism does not completely suppress or activate …

Type 2 inflammatory responses can be elicited by diverse stimuli, including toxins, venoms,
allergens, and infectious agents, and play critical roles in resistance and tolerance …

Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is a central mediator of fibrogenesis. TGF-β is
upregulated and activated in fibrotic diseases and modulates fibroblast phenotype and …

Pulmonary fibrosis, particularly idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, represents a chronic and
progressive disease with high mortality and limited therapeutic options. Excessive …

Fibrosis and structural remodeling of the lung tissue can significantly impair lung function,
often with fatal consequences. The etiology of pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is diverse and …

Acute inflammation is a recognised part of normal wound healing. However, when
inflammation fails to resolve and a chronic inflammatory response is established this …

Transforming growth factor βs (TGF-βs) are closely related ligands that have pleiotropic
activity on most cell types of the body. They act through common heterotetrameric TGF-β …