Nanogels, also termed hydrogel nanoparticles, have the properties and functions of both
nanomaterials and hydrogels. Till date, a considerable number of nanogels have been …

Research in cell biology greatly relies on cell-based in vitro assays and models that facilitate
the investigation and understanding of specific biological events and processes under …

Abstract Organ-on-a-chip (OOC, organ chip) technology can closely simulate the human
microenvironment, synthesize organ-like functional units on a fluidic chip substrate, and …

The cell microenvironment plays a crucial role in regulating cell behavior and fate in
physiological and pathological processes. As the fundamental component of the cell …

Droplet microfluidic techniques have long been known as a high-throughput approach for
cell manipulation. The capacity to compartmentalize cells into picolitre droplets in …

Millions of experimental animals are widely used in the assessment of toxicological or
biological effects of manufactured nanomaterials in medical technology. However, the …

It is widely accepted that three-dimensional cell culture systems simulate physiological
conditions better than traditional 2D systems. Although extracellular matrix components …

Currently, the demand for more reliable drug screening devices has made scientists and
researchers develop novel potential approaches to offer an alternative to animal studies …

Due to their particular water absorption capacity, hydrogels are the most widely used
scaffolds in biomedical studies to regenerate damaged tissue. Hydrogels can be used in …

Cellular models have created opportunities to explore the characteristics of human diseases
through well-established protocols, while avoiding the ethical restrictions associated with …